논문의 종류 (Types of Theses)

 

Types of PAPER

There are many types of papers that you may encounter in academic, professional, or personal contexts. Some common types of papers include:

1. Research papers: These are papers that present the results of original research on a specific topic. They may include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.
2. Review papers: These are papers that summarize and evaluate the current state of knowledge on a specific topic. They may include an introduction, literature review, and discussion sections.
3. Term papers: These are papers that are typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. They may require students to conduct research on a specific topic and present their findings in a structured format.
4. Theses: These are papers that are written as part of a graduate degree program and present the results of original research on a specific topic. They may include an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.
5. Essays: These are papers that present a writer's perspective or argument on a specific topic. They may include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
6. Reports: These are papers that present information on a specific topic and are typically organized in a structured format, such as an executive summary, introduction, body, and conclusion.
7. Memos: These are papers that are typically written within an organization and are used to communicate information or ideas to a specific audience.
8. Letters: These are papers that are written to communicate with a specific person or group and may include an introduction, body, and conclusion.
9. Resumes: These are papers that summarize a person's education, work experience, skills, and achievements and are typically used to apply for jobs.

 

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A full paper is a research article that has been written for publication in a scholarly journal or conference proceedings. It typically presents original research findings or a review and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. Full papers are usually longer than abstracts or conference posters, as they provide a more in-depth and comprehensive overview of the research. Full papers are typically peer-reviewed, which means that they are evaluated by other researchers in the field to ensure that they meet the standards of scientific rigor and are appropriate for publication. Full papers are usually the final product of a research project and are often the primary means by which research findings are disseminated to the scientific community.

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There are several types of theses that you might encounter during your academic career. These include:

Bachelor's thesis: A bachelor's thesis is a research project completed as part of a bachelor's degree program. It is usually shorter than a master's thesis and focuses on a specific topic within the student's major field of study.

Master's thesis: A master's thesis is a research project completed as part of a master's degree program. It is typically longer and more detailed than a bachelor's thesis and may involve original research or the review and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic.

Doctoral thesis: A doctoral thesis, also known as a dissertation, is a research project completed as part of a doctoral degree program. It is a detailed and extensive work that aims to make a significant contribution to the field of study.

Honors thesis: An honors thesis is a research project completed by undergraduate students who are members of an honors program. It is typically shorter than a bachelor's or master's thesis and focuses on a specific topic within the student's major field of study.

Applied thesis: An applied thesis is a research project that focuses on solving a specific problem or addressing a specific need in a practical or applied setting. It may be completed as part of a master's or doctoral degree program.

Creative thesis: A creative thesis is a research project that takes the form of a creative work, such as a novel, film, or art exhibition. It may be completed as part of a master's or doctoral degree program in a field such as creative writing or fine arts.

 

 

 

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Three Types of Gallatin MA Theses

Each graduate student in the Gallatin School completes a final thesis as the culmination of their work toward a Master of Arts degree. The thesis may take one of three forms: a research thesis, an artistic thesis, or a project thesis. In each case, the thesis represents a synthesis of the student’s accumulated knowledge and skill and an opportunity to display the ideas, practices and skills learned through the program. While the master’s thesis, unlike a doctoral dissertation, does not have to create new knowledge or break new ground, it does display the student’s ability to go beyond the mere collection of information into synthesis, analysis, judgment and interpretation. Moreover, it should demonstrate the student’s familiarity with a substantial body of thought and literature and illustrate mastery of some self-chosen field of study.

Below you will find descriptions of the three types of theses: 

• Research Thesis
• Artistic Thesis
• Project Thesis

 

 

 

Research Thesis

Students pursuing the research option produce and defend a substantial research essay, the thesis of which is demonstrably related to the student’s course of study and ongoing conversations with the primary adviser. The adviser and defense panelists are the ultimate arbiters of whether the thesis satisfies a reasonable understanding of a project worthy of the master’s degree. However, in general and at minimum, a successful Gallatin MA research thesis demonstrates sufficient mastery of relevant academic fields as well as a critical grasp of the scholarship and methods that currently define those fields. The thesis essay is a logically-constructed argument that presents its central points on the basis of research and critical interpretation. The sources and objects of study may cover the spectrum from archival materials to critical theory to statistical surveys and personal interviews, but the student should carefully choose sources in consultation with the primary adviser, and with reference to questions about what constitutes legitimate source within the student’s field(s). The research thesis essay must be more than a "review of the literature" but the demand for original findings is lower than that faced by doctoral candidates. Significantly original contributions are of course highly commendable, but the excellence of an MA research thesis essay may lie in its critical and creative synthesis, articulation of a fresh perspective on the work of others, or identification of new, research-based questions that themselves shed light on existing problems within fields. Generally speaking, the final research thesis essay should be at least 50 pages and not exceed 80 pages (not including appendices and bibliographic material). Students and advisers are encouraged to talk with the program's academic directors about these expectations whenever necessary.

 

 

 

Artistic Thesis

The artistic thesis is appropriate for those students who wish to display the creative process in the performing, visual or literary arts. A student might make a film or video; choreograph an evening of dance; act in a play; mount an exhibit of paintings; write a screenplay, novel, play or collection of short stories; or choose another artistic endeavor. The artistic thesis represents the culmination of a Gallatin arts concentration in which the student has studied the genre under consideration.

The artistic thesis comprises both the artistic project and three accompanying essays. Therefore, you should conceive of the artistic thesis as a unified piece composed of the creative work and the essays which enhance it. Members of the faculty committee will assess both the artistic work and the essays. The essays include:

• an academic research paper related to the field of artistic work;
• an essay on artistic aims and process;
• a technical essay.

Please note: The technical essay does not apply to those students who are submitting a literary work.

Some General Advice

Be careful to keep records and a log of the artistic project as it evolves. This information can be used in the Technical Essay.

If a student is writing a work of fiction, poems, a play, etc., for the thesis, the student will submit this work to their adviser and other readers along with the essays. However, if the student is presenting a performance, they will need to arrange to have their adviser and other members of their committee see the performance. The student is responsible for coordinating schedules and for notifying committee members so that everyone can view the piece. The student should notify the thesis reviewer of the date of the performance at least one month in advance. In the event that one or more of the committee cannot attend the scheduled event, the student should arrange to have the performance videotaped so people can see it later. Except in unusual circumstances, the student must submit the first draft of the thesis to their adviser no more than three months after the performance.

Essays for the Artistic Thesis

Background Research Essay

As stated above, this essay follows the description for the standard research essay. It is a scholarly endeavor and differs from the standard essay in terms of length and focus. The length is approximately 25 to 40 pages. The focus of the essay is related to the artistic work and explores some aspect of that work that the student wishes to study and develop through outside research. The essay might take the form of an analysis of a performance or literary genre; a history of an art form or phenomenon; a philosophical study of an aesthetic concept; or a critical/biographical analysis of the work of an influential artistic figure.

Artistic Aims Essay

In this essay, the student is required to articulate their goals in mounting their particular artistic project. For example, what was the student trying to accomplish in writing short stories, a screenplay, a novel, presenting an evening of dances or songs, making a film or mounting an art exhibit? What were the aesthetic choices made and why?  The student should also explain their approach to the artistic work (their style, genre, or school), any relevant influences on the work, how the student's training influenced their artistic choices, and the student's intentions for particular elements of the creative work. After the student has carefully and clearly articulated these goals, they need to explain how their actual artistic work meets the stated goals. The student should use examples from their artistic project to illustrate these ideas. This essay should be approximately 10-15 pages in length.

Technical Essay

This essay is a description of the steps the student actually took to physically mount their production.  The student will need to include such technical details as arranging for rehearsal and performance space; choosing the performers; finding/creating, costumes, materials, lights; raising funds and getting institutional support. This essay should be approximately 10 pages in length.

Please note: The technical essay does not apply to those students who are submitting a literary work.

Students may submit a portfolio, if appropriate. This would consist of any material, such as photos, slides, fliers, programs, videotapes, audiotapes etc. which might constitute an appendix and which might be helpful to a fuller understanding of the thesis.

 

 

Project Thesis

The project thesis consists of two elements: (1) the project, a professional activity designed and executed primarily by the student as a way of solving a problem, and (2) an accompanying essay about the project. This thesis is especially appropriate for students in such fields as business, education, social work or public administration. The project thesis may appeal to those students who are active in their profession and who take responsibility for the creation of some kind of program or practice.

Students should understand that the project cannot simply propose a professional activity; the design for such an activity must actually be carried out (at least in a pilot version) and evaluated. Some examples of projects: a student in education may develop and apply a new strategy for teaching reading to recent immigrants; a person working in a corporation may construct new methods for managing financial information; or a community worker in a settlement house may organize a group of local residents to combat drug abuse.

Some General Advice

At each step, the student should be careful to keep in touch with their adviser and with any other expert who can help them in their process. The student should keep careful records of the process by taking detailed notes of conversations, meetings, interviews, etc.  If at all possible, the student should arrange to have the members of their committee, especially their adviser, witness the project first-hand: Visit the site, talk with key actors, watch the program in operation. (This direct contact is highly recommended, but not required.)

Essays for the Project Thesis

The project thesis essay may take a number of forms and include a range of information. It ought to discuss at least the following elements:

Background

Consider the institutional or social context within which the project takes place. Describe the organization, the potential clientele or participants, and the larger environment (social, economic and political conditions surrounding the problem and the project).

Problem

Describe the particular problem or need that you address in the project. What causes that problem? How extensive is it? Have other attempts to solve the problem been made; if so, what were their shortcomings, and why are you trying another approach? Place the problem in its professional and academic context by referring to the appropriate literature.
Program

Describe the goals and objectives of the project and what the student hoped to accomplish. Describe how the program was designed and structured; for example, what kinds of activities did participants engage in, and in what sequence? What kinds of resources and techniques were used? Justify the strategies and tactics used by citing appropriate professional and academic literatures.

Implementation

Describe how the plan was carried out. Use as much detail as needed to give the reader a sense of what actually happened, and to indicate the extent to which the reality matched the plan.

Evaluation

Describe the criteria for assessing the project and evaluation methods used. Justify the criteria and methods by referring to appropriate literatures. To what extent did the project accomplish the goals and objectives identified earlier?

Analysis

Citing relevant literature and the practical contingencies of the project, explain why the project did or did not achieve its stated purposes. Describe the factors (political, social, organizational, financial, psychological, etc.) that contributed to the process and to the outcomes. What changes--either conceptual or practical--would the student make if they were to repeat or extend the project? What would the student leave in place? Describe what was learned from the project about the original problem and about the student's strategy and tactics. Also consider the professional and theoretical implications of the project.

If necessary, put relevant documentary materials (flyers, important correspondence, budgets, etc.) in appendices.

 

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1. Proceeding

국제 학회 등에 기고할 때 제출

학회의 발표를 목적으로 하는 논문

학회가 개최되기 전 간단한 초록(Abstrct)만 제출하는 경우도 있으나, 일반적으로 제출하는 분량이 제한된 짧은 논문

경우에 따라 심사 단계를 거쳐 저널의 특별호로 발간되기도 하지만, 통상 해당 학회의 발표 일정 등을 포함하여 모든 연구자가 제출한 proceeding을 학회 초록집으로 발간함. 

 

2. Letter (Communication)

proceedings 보다 긴 형태이나 article 보다는 짧은 형태의 논문

인쇄 후 2~3 페이지 내외 분량의 2000~2500 단어로 한정

단락 구분만 하는 것이 일반적

잡지 서두 혹은 full paper의 뒤에 일반적으로 배치

연구과정에서 중요한 발견이 있을 경우, 전체 연구의 종료까지 많은 시간이 소요될 떄 시급성을 고려하여 짧은 형태의 논문으로 발표

 

3. Article (Full paper)

학술지, 즉 저널에 투고하는 논문 대부분

aritlcle, regular paper, full paper라고도 함

일반적으로 인쇄 후 20장 이내 분량. (20장 이상도 있으나 흔치 않음)

Abstract, Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion, Conclusion(summary), Acknowledgement, Reference 등의 순서로 구성

학술지에 제출된 논문은 심사를 거쳐 게재여부 결정

 

  3.1. 국내 등재학술지

한국연구재단(NRF)가 등재(후보)학술지로 인정되는 학술지. 2015년 현재, 자연분야, 공학분야 등 이공학과 의약학을 포함한 학술등재지 및 후보지는 총 595건 이다. 

학술지 총괄 현황은 한국연구재단 홈페이지(www.nrf.re.kr)에서 제공함

 

  3.2. 국제 학술지

    3.2.1. SCI (Scientific Citation Index) / SCIE (SCI-Expanded)

미국 ISI(과학정보 서비스 회사)에서 제공

국제적인 논문을 평가, 최근 2년간 게재된 논문의 평균 인용회수인 Impact Factor(IF)를 제공. 

 

    3.2.2. SCOPUS

네덜란드 Elsevier사에서 제공하는 세계 최대 규모의 데이터베이스

연구자와 기관의 연구활동 등 다양한 정보 제공. 국내 학회 및 출판사도 지속적을 등재되고 있음

 

4. Review Paper

여러 연구자의 복합적인 연구 성과를 다루는 논문

과거부터 현재까지 해당 분야의 연구 분야를 종합적으로 기술하고, 기고자의 의견을 통해 체계적으로 정리되는 형태

  Present status - 과거부터 현재까지의 해당 분야의 연구 분야의 견해를 조사 및 정리

  Technical issues - 지금까지의 연구 자료에서 나타나는 실험법, 이론적 문제점 등을 조사 및 정리

방대한 문헌이 잘 정리되어있어, 낯선 분야의 연구 현황, 연구 결과의 개략적 수집 등에 유용함

해당 분야의 권위자 혹은 연구를 주도하는 집단에서 작성되는 예가 많음

간단한 저자 약력 소개 포함되기도 함

 

5. Thesis / Disseration 

학위 과정에 있는 학생들이 체계적으로 연구한 내용을 적는 글

학위 취득을 위해 제출하는 논문(석사, 박사)

소속 학교, 전공에 따라 형태가 다를 수 있으므로 작성 이전에 양식 확인이 필요

분량은 별도 제한 없이 본인의 연구내용을 가장 잘 전달할 수 있는 형태로 간결하게 작성

석사학위 논문의 경우 평균 60~100 페이지 정도 (인문분야 박사학위 논문은 평균 200~250 페이지 정도. 최대 679 페이지도 있음)

서두(The preliminaries), 본문(the text of the thesis), 참고자료(the reference materials)의 세 부분으로 구성

 

일반적으로 학위논문계획서를 작성하여 학위 과정중에 연구할 연구 분야에 대한 계획을 세우고 지속적으로 연구 추진

최근에는 다양한 학위논문 검색 시스템이 있어 이전에 수행한 연구 현황 등을 파악할 수 있으니 활용하면 유용한 논문 

 

 

참고

[1] 국가과학기술인력개발원 우수 영어논문 작성법 강의자료